School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources (SVAR)http://hdl.handle.net/10570/1952024-03-28T09:14:01Z2024-03-28T09:14:01ZAfrican animal and human trypanosomiasis in South Eastern Uganda: animal reservoirs, vector competence and characterisation of trypanosoma brucei isolatesWaiswa, Charleshttp://hdl.handle.net/10570/16132015-01-07T08:43:07Z2008-12-09T00:00:00ZAfrican animal and human trypanosomiasis in South Eastern Uganda: animal reservoirs, vector competence and characterisation of trypanosoma brucei isolates
Waiswa, Charles
This study was designed to investigate the factors responsible for the persistence of sleeping sickness in southeastern Uganda. In addition to the general aspects, this investigation was specifically designed to study the role of the domestic animal and vector competence as factors in the transmission and persistence of sleeping sickness in the affected foci of southeastern Uganda. The study area was zoned according to the agricultural system and three zones (designated zone I, II and III representing Kamuli, Mukono and Tororo districts respectively) were studied as these were found to be predominant in many of the sleeping sickness foci of Kamuli, Mukono and Tororo. Investigations carried out have indicated a trypanosomosis prevalence of 13.25% among cattle, 17.53% among pigs, 1.75% among small ruminants and 0% in dogs. These figures are high especially in cattle and pigs, moreover, the Trypanozoon prevalence was estimated at 4.99% among cattle, 13.89% among pigs and 0.44% in the small ruminants. Using the human serum resistance tests and PCR, this study has continued to emphasise the importance of cattle as a reservoir for T.b. rhodesiense and in addition, these techniques have proved that the pig (both BIIT and PCR) and sheep (BIIT) are very important reservoirs of T.b.rhodesiense. The sole vector for sleeping sickness in zone and II was found to be G.fuscipes fuscipes. However, in zone III, both G.f.fuscipes and G.pallidipes were trapped, with G.f.fuscipes (99.72% of the total tsetse trapped) being the predominant vector. The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in zone I was 8.73%, with T.brcucei infections estimated at 3.87%. Of all the trypanosomes isolated from cattle, 44.33% were grouped as belonging to the T.brucei subgroup. On further characterisation with the human serum resistance test, none of these T.brucei subgroup isolates from cattle in this zone was potentially human infective. However, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), one of the T.brucei isolates was found to be carrying the human serum resistance associated (SRA) gene, an indication that it was potentially human infective (T.b.rhodesiense) thus helping to define the role played by cattle in the transmission of sleeping sickness in this zone. Meanwhile, in this zone (zone I), the point prevalence of trypanosomosis in pigs was 16.33% and T.brucei subgroup infection among the infected pigs was 82.48%. When the T.brucei subgroup isolates were analysed, 30.19% were found to be potentially human infective by the human serum resistance test and 75% of the T.brucei subgroup isolates analysed by PCR were found to be carrying the SRA gene. The presence of potentially human infective T.brucei subgroup in pigs makes this animal species the predominant reservoir and the major risk factor in the transmission and persistence of sleeping sickness in zone I. In addition, 30.6% of the tsetse in zone I get their blood-meal from pigs, which implies that the “pig-tsetse-human cycle” is the predominant sleeping sickness transmission cycle in zone I. The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in zone II was 13.08% with T.brucei subgroup infections estimated at 6.01%. Of the isolates characterized, 45.89% were grouped as T.brucei subgroup infections, of which 10.53% were potentially human infective according to the BIIT results and therefore grouped as T.b. rhodesiense. In addition 5% of the T.brucei subgroup isolates were found to be having the SRA gene. The cattle-tsetse-human sleeping sickness cycle is one of the two sleeping sickness transmission cycles in this zone. Similarly, the point prevalence of trypanosomosis in pigs in zone II was found to be 22.92%. The T.brucei subgroup infections among the trypanosomes isolated from the pigs was 85.51%. Of these T. brucei subgroup isolates, 26.09% were found to be potentially human infective as characterised by the BIIT. Using the SRA-PCR, 31.58% of the T. brucei subgroup analysed were found to be carrying the SRA gene. In addition to the cattle-tsetse-man cycle, the pig-tsetse-human sleeping sickness transmission cycle is the other major cycle in this zone which is supported by the 14.53% of the tsetse that get their bloodmeals from pigs in the zone. The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in zone III was 17.91% with T.brucei subgroup infections estimated at 7.34%. Of all the trypanosome infections among cattle in this area, 41% were grouped as T.brucei subgroup infections. Using the human BIIT, 47.30% of these T.brucei subgroup isolates were found to be potentially human infective and therefore grouped as T.b.rhodesiense. Similarly, 23.81% of the T.brucei subgroup isolates from cattle were confirmed to be carrying the SRA gene. Basing on these results, the cattle-tsetsehuman is the major sleeping sickness transmission cycle in zone III. Meanwhile, the prevalence of trypanosomosis in pigs in this zone was 2.44% and there were no T.brucei subgroup infections detected, implying that pigs may be playing a minimal role in the transmission of sleeping sickness in this zone. For the small ruminants kept in zone III trypanosomosis prevalence was 13.79%. All the trypanosome infections were found in the sheep. Interestingly, a potentially human infective T.brucei trypanosome was isolated from the sheep in this zone, suggesting that the sheep-tsetse-human sleeping sickness transmission cycle is contributing to the persistence of sleeping sickness in this area. The trypanosome infection rates in tsetse were 1.75% in zone I, 1.00% in zone II and 1.82% in zone III. The species trapped in zone I and II was G.f.fuscipes, which was also predominant in zone III with few catches of G.pallidipes. The infections were detected in female tsetse that were more than three weeks old. There were no infections among the male tsetse in all the zones which has been attributed to the low average age of the males (11days or less), implying that the males don’t live long enough to allow the infection to mature. The tsetse feeding preference studies have supported the major sleeping sickness transmission cycles for the three zones as suggested above. A total of 394 tsetse blood-meals were analysed to identify the host that was the source of the blood meal. Hosts for 75.64% of the bloodmeals were identified and at 26.4%, cattle were on average the most preferred host for G.f.fuscipes in southeastern Uganda (all the three study zones combined). Of the bloodmeals analysed, 55.1% were identified as having come from domestic animals and humans. This study has recorded large percentages of domestic animals as the major hosts for tsetse in all the three zones. There were however differences in the contribution of individual hosts in the three zones, with pigs being the major host in zone I, the monitor lizard and cattle for zones II and III. The results also indicate that under natural circumstances, G.f.fuscipes will feed on the available hosts in a given ecological environment. The preferred hosts were mainly cattle, pig, monitor lizard, sheep, goat, human, dog and chicken. This study has indicated that the domestic animal-tsetse-human cycle is the major sleeping sickness transmission cycle in all the three zones, the differences being the animals acting as the disease reservoirs in the three sleeping sickness foci (Agroecological zones) of southeastern Uganda.
A PhD Thesis accessible from the Library
2008-12-09T00:00:00ZAnalysis of poultry traditional indigenous knowledge mystical systems and their role in control and prevention of poultry diseases, Masaka District.Nampanzira, Dorothyhttp://hdl.handle.net/10570/25492015-01-07T08:05:46Z2010-09-01T00:00:00ZAnalysis of poultry traditional indigenous knowledge mystical systems and their role in control and prevention of poultry diseases, Masaka District.
Nampanzira, Dorothy
This study was done to analyse the poultry traditional indigenous knowledge mystical
systems (TRIKOMS) and their role in control and prevention of poultry diseases in Masaka district, Uganda. This study aimed at, determining the meaning of myths and
belief practices among different social classes identify and document the elements of
myths and beliefs related to prevention and control of poultry diseases and to determine
the factors that lead to the survival of the myths and belief practices in the community.
Qualitative methods of data collection and analysis were used.
Results of the study showed that the meaning underlying the myths and beliefs are, to
strengthen socio relationships, ensure food security, promote human health and for
spiritual or religious functions. In addition, majority (63%) of the myths and beliefs
practices decoded encouraged poultry disease spread while 13.5% encouraged disease control. Furthermore, it was found out that there were no clear-cut channels of transfer of knowledge from one generation to the other and there are several factors that have led to the degradation of the myths and belief practices in the communities. The study concludes that despite the importance of TRIKOMS to communities there is a need to sensitize the communities on the potential role of these systems in the spread of poultry diseases. Human phenomenon is important in influencing the outcome of poultry disease control. Thus veterinary research scientists should desist from focusing on only poultry, pathogens and vectors in their research endeavors in poultry diseases control. More efforts ought to be directed towards understanding the human phenomenon.
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Masters of Science Degree in Livestock Development, Planning and Management (MLD) of Makerere University
2010-09-01T00:00:00ZAnimal health intervations for human health benefitsFyfe, JennaWaiswa, CharlesPicozzi, KimOdiit, MartinColeman, PaulWelburn, Suehttp://hdl.handle.net/10570/16832014-12-04T01:42:15Z2008-12-22T00:00:00ZAnimal health intervations for human health benefits
Fyfe, Jenna; Waiswa, Charles; Picozzi, Kim; Odiit, Martin; Coleman, Paul; Welburn, Sue
2008-12-22T00:00:00ZAntibacterial and phytochemical properties of selected poultry ethnomedicinal plants in Masaka DistrictNalubega, Rebeccahttp://hdl.handle.net/10570/16222015-01-07T08:39:50Z2010-12-01T00:00:00ZAntibacterial and phytochemical properties of selected poultry ethnomedicinal plants in Masaka District
Nalubega, Rebecca
Poultry farmers have problems of poor production, poultry diseases and the publica is vulnerable to zoonoses. Indigenous practices such as the use of herbal medicines and concoctions have been a form of therapy for poultry among resource-poor small holder farmers. Indigenous practices are considered by scientists to be risky to both human and animal health. A few farmers use conventional veterinary drugs like antibiotics most times unnecessarily and this is making disease causing bacteria more resistant to the drugs and therefore becoming a threat to public health. Documentation and validation of indigenous medicine is therefore necessary because they are likely to be important in future especially given the trend of emerging diseases and the development of resistance of pathogens to drugs. To solve the problems facing the poultry industry, documentation of data about indigenous knowledge data about the herbal plants as well as antibacterial and phytochemical analysis to validate this data was carried out in this research. The information, focused group discussions and key informant interviews were conducted. Ethanol, ether and water extracts of selected medicinal plants and five concoctions were screened for antibacterial activity against Staph. aureus, Strep. faecalis, E. coli and S. typhimurium, using agar well diffusion and tube dilution methods. Their Phytochemical composition of selected plants was also investigated. The results indicated that fifty nine plants from 33 families were commonly used and family Asteraceae had the highest number while most frequently used plants were Cannabis sativa and Nicotiana tobaccam. Plants were mainly used for prophylaxis and the oral route was the common route of administration while leaves were the most commonly used plant parts. In general, gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible than gram-negative bacterial species. Ethanol and ether extracts had better antibacterial activity than water extracts. The water extract of Moringa oleifera had activity on all the four bacteria species. The water extracts of Persea americana had the lowest MIC on S. typhymurium therefore the best activity. Leonotis nepetifolia and Lantana trifolia had the lowest MIC on Staph. aureus therefore the best activity. Phytochemicals such as tannins, sterols, basic alkaloids and alkaloid salts featured in most of the tested plants. From these results, the study has found out that ethanol and ether are better solvents and can be used as alternative solvents to water by the poultry farmers to make medicinal preparations. The study has further shown that these plants have good antibacterial activity. Moringa oleifera leaves could be used to treat a wide number of diseases, Persea americana leaves could be used to treat salmonella infections while Leonotis nepetifolia and Lantana trifolia leaves could be used to treat staphylococcal infections in poultry. These plants also have phytochemicals of medicinal importance. However the study has not isolated the specific antibacterial principles, shown toxicity studies, shown activity of these plants on other organisms like other bacteria species, protozoa and helminths and carried out clinical trials. Further studies on these should therefore be carried out.
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Masters of Science in Biomedical Laboratory Sciences and Management Degree of Makerere University.
2010-12-01T00:00:00Z