School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bioengineering (SFTNB)http://hdl.handle.net/10570/462024-03-29T00:57:33Z2024-03-29T00:57:33ZAdoptive design and construction of a of a manual paddy rice transplanterKomakech, George Bushhttp://hdl.handle.net/10570/130242024-01-11T09:01:35Z2018-07-01T00:00:00ZAdoptive design and construction of a of a manual paddy rice transplanter
Komakech, George Bush
Rice is a crop of growing importance in Uganda with about 75,000 Ha under rice cultivation. In Uganda, rice production has increased rapidly in the past 10 years while the yield has been stagnant. This can partly be attributed to hand methods of seedling transplanting that result in low seedling placement, spacing inefficiencies and drudgery for the farmer which limits the size of field that can be planted. The farmers cannot however turn to imported transplanters due to high import cost prices. To that effect therefore, a manual lowland rice transplanter was designed, fabricated and tested. The working mechanism of the rice transplanter is that seedlings are kept on the tray and allowed to flow down under gravity while 2 planting arms attached to a shaft pick up the seedlings off the seed tray and place them in the ground at the desired spacing, depth and angle of place. The motion of the shaft is given by the ground wheel using chain and sprocket arrangement. The seedlings are planted into the land by a simple four bar mechanism. The planter shall reduce the time taken to transplant seedlings compared to hand transplanting thus allowing more time for harvest. It will as well improve inter-row and intra-row spacing of rice plants to allow for more room to grow, allow plants to get more sunshine and air and produce more tillers unlike when planted randomly. According to the tests done, the transplanter places seedlings at 30cm by 25cm planting distances at a rate of 4 seedlings per second, hence a planting capacity of 0.75 acres per hour. The transplanter was fabricated at Tree shed Engineering Limited. This report also includes a clear methodology indicating the steps taken to design the transplanter and finally the test protocol for performance and efficiency. In conclusion the designed transplanter will be able to reduce drudgery, improve timeliness and improve row spacing of rice plants.
A special project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering of Makerere University
2018-07-01T00:00:00ZAfrican indigenous leafy vegetables as a potential source of β-carotene for under five year old children.Atero, Angella Atwaruhttp://hdl.handle.net/10570/43192015-02-17T00:00:25Z2014-01-01T00:00:00ZAfrican indigenous leafy vegetables as a potential source of β-carotene for under five year old children.
Atero, Angella Atwaru
This study was designed to assess the adequacy of African indigenous leafy vegetables in meeting vitamin A needs of children below the age of five years in Iganga and Luuka districts. East Central Uganda where Iganga and Luuka districts are located, recorded the second highest VAD levels in the whole country at 39.7% (UBOS & Macro International 2011. These districts though characterized by a rich plant biodiversity which includes indigenous green leafy vegetables have not benefited from these vegetables. Whereas the vegetables are the most available source of pro-vitamin A for the poor populations of the developing world, Luuka and Iganga districts were recorded as vitamin A deficient populations. Hence establishing the role leafy vegetables contribute towards vitamin A intake for vulnerable groups is an effort to reducing VAD. Data was collected from 363 children in July 2008 in the wet season. Consumption and dietary information on the children was collected using Gibson’s 24 Hour Dietary recall, qualitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and level β-carotene in the leafy vegetables was determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Anthropometric data on the children was also collected. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) at p<0.05 level of significance and Nutri-survey was used to quantify energy and nutrient intakes of foods consumed 24 hours preceding the survey. Of the 21 species of indigenous leafy vegetables in the area, only four were commonly consumed and these included; Amaranthus dubious (booga)(93.7%), Cucurbita maxima Lam (eisunsa) (83.2%)), Colocasia esculenta (timpa)(72.5%), and Cleome gynandra (eiyobyo)(66.3%). These vegetables were analyzed for β-carotene content. The β-carotene in Colocassia esculenta and Cleome gynandra was on average 13.48 and 14.25 mg/100g dry wt. respectively. These two vegetables contained higher amounts of β-carotene compared to other vegetables analyzed. Compared to other food groups leafy vegetables and other vitamin A rich foods were among the least consumed (27%). Much as vitamin A levels in these commonly consumed leafy vegetables averaged at 1032 µg and therefore adequate to significantly contribute to the vitamin A needs of the children, the children were still malnourished. Therefore indigenous leafy vegetables have not been adequate in meeting the Vitamin A needs of children 6-59 months because of their low consumption even though their Vitamin A levels are high enough. Therefore increased consumption of indigenous leafy vegetables coupled with vitamin A supplementation, biofortification/fortifying staples and diversifying food intake may effectively address the problem of VAD.
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Masters of Science in Applied Human Nutrition Degree of Makerere University.
2014-01-01T00:00:00ZAntibiotic residues in fresh and roasted chicken meat sold in Mukono districtZawedde, Vivianhttp://hdl.handle.net/10570/113882023-01-11T08:27:24Z2022-12-22T00:00:00ZAntibiotic residues in fresh and roasted chicken meat sold in Mukono district
Zawedde, Vivian
Increased demand in poultry meat has led to rear poultry in the shortest period of time with maximum output. This has resulted into increased use of antibiotics.
Objectives: This study was designed to assess antibiotics residues in chicken meat sold in Mukono District with respect to food safety regulations.
Methods: A survey was conducted to determine the antibiotics commonly used by farmers and also assess farmer’s knowledge and ability to correctly apply veterinary antibiotics. The study was carried out in eight sub counties in Mukono District (Wantoni, Kikko, Namawojjolo, Mbalala, Kiteete, Nabuti, Nasuuti and Ngandu) using a semi structured questionnaire. Purposive sampling was used to select farmers with at least 500 birds. Information on the used antibiotic drugs was collected from farmers, drug sellers and veterinary officers. Antibiotics were determined in 40 broilers roasted (20) and raw (20) from farmers in eight different areas. Samples collected were composed of 5 breasts, 5 wings, 5 thigh muscles and 5 livers. Antibiotic residues were determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method.
Results: Results indicated that 93% of the farmers had received formal education ranging from Primary Leaving Examination (PLE) to University. Most of the farmers (55%) were females and their age varied between 23 and 57 years. Majority of the farmers (90.9%) had experience in poultry production varying from less than 1 year to 6 years. The study revealed that farmers (94.5%) used antibiotics during poultry production. Farmers (69%) had access to knowledge and aware of the veterinary antibiotics guidelines. Farmers (75.9%), did not correctly follow the instructions during administration of the antibiotics. Majority of farmers (77%) administered antibiotics orally after dilution. The remaining percentage used both oral and intramuscular (IM) administration methods. To flush out the antibiotic residues from the chicken system, farmers claimed to use Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbadensis Miller) and garlic (Allium Sativum).
Tylosin, Enrofloxacin and Oxytetracycline were identified as commonly used antibiotics. The concentration levels of Oxytetracycline were 0.84 µg/kg, 3.00 µg/Kg, 5.87 µg/Kg, 0.31 µg/kg in raw chicken thighs, wings, livers and breasts respectively. Enrofloxacin residues in the raw chicken thighs, livers and breasts were 0.83µg/kg, 0.59 µg/kg, 0.0 µg/kg respectively. No Enrofloxacin was detected in the raw chicken wings. Tylosin residues in raw chicken, thighs, wings and breasts, were 10.20 µg/kg, 19.80 µg/kg, and 9.59 µg/kg respectively. Tylosin was not detected in the raw chicken liver. In roast chicken, Enrofloxacin (0.09µg/kg) and Oxytetracycline (0.01 µg/kg) were only detected in thigh samples. Tylosin was not detected in any roast chicken parts.
Conclusion: Enrofloxacin, Tylosin and Oxytetracycline residues in both raw and roasted chicken meat were below regulatory limits for CAC/MRL 2017. The findings suggested that the chicken meat sold in Mukono district is within the acceptable antibiotic residues Limits.
A dissertation submitted to the Directorate of Research and Graduate Training in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Master of Science in Food Science and Technology of Makerere University
2022-12-22T00:00:00ZApplication of HACCP (Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points) in managing common hazards in small scale groundnut paste processing industries in Uganda.Nansereko, Sophiehttp://hdl.handle.net/10570/28872015-01-07T08:06:48Z2013-01-01T00:00:00ZApplication of HACCP (Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points) in managing common hazards in small scale groundnut paste processing industries in Uganda.
Nansereko, Sophie
Groundnuts have been associated with many hazards, especially aflatoxins, a potent
carcinogen in animals and humans. A number of strategies to reduce these hazards, especially aflatoxin have been suggested, including Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). This study was aimed at establishing the effectiveness of HACCP in reducing hazards in small scale groundnut processing industries. Furthermore, the study investigated the level of HACCP adoption in small scale groundnut processing industries, in addition to the motivational factors and barriers to HACCP implementation.
In-depth narrative interviews were carried out with eight small scale groundnut processors attempting to implement HACCP. Analysis of their interviews was carried out to identify major motivational factors and barriers to HACCP implementation in their processing industries. Four themes acting as ‘motivational factors’ were identified and these included: desire to improve product quality, maintenance of health of consumers, expansion of their markets and curiosity. Six key themes acting as ‘barriers’ to successful implementation were identified. These were lack of awareness, lack of understanding of the HACCP concept, language constraints, negative environmental factors, poor supplier selection and limited resources.
Quantitative physical and microbial analysis was conducted on raw groundnuts, roasted
groundnuts and groundnut paste collected from four of the eight processors, six (6) times over a period of eighteen (18) months. Two of these processors were trained in HACCP, while the other two were not trained. These samples were analyzed for physical hazards, microbial load and aflatoxins. Results indicated no significant difference in physical hazards levels, microbial load and aflatoxin content between those trained and not trained in HACCP. In addition, over 70% of groundnut paste samples recorded aflatoxin levels above 10ppb (highest limit set by UNBS).
The results indicated that even with the development of a HACCP plan, HACCP
implementation in small scale groundnut processing industries participating in this study was difficult. From this, essential issues to be addressed in order for successful HACCP to be achieved in small scale groundnut processing industries are put forward.
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Masters of Science in Applied Human Nutrition Degree of Makerere University.
2013-01-01T00:00:00Z