Determinants of extension service delivery on greenhouse gas emissions mitigation in the live-stock sector in central and western Uganda

Abstract

Despite recognition of greenhouse gases (GHG) as a major contributor to climate change, Uganda continues to experience low uptake of GHG mitigation practices. Agricultural extension service providers are expected to play a pivotal role in disseminating climate-smart technologies, yet little empirical evidence exists on factors shaping their delivery. This study examined the factors influencing extension service delivery on GHG mitigation, with a focus on livestock waste management. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from extension service providers in selected districts of central and western Uganda. Descriptive statistics summarized respondent characteristics and Likert-scale ratings used for perceived knowledge on mitigation practices, delivery methods and perceptions. A competence index was constructed from these three areas, and a double hurdle regression model was applied to identify key determinants of delivery and intensity. The results show that extension service providers generally hold positive perceptions, but technical knowledge of specific mitigation practices is limited. Competence varied significantly by institutional affiliation, with private staff demonstrating moderate competence and government staff remaining at low to very low levels. Regression analysis revealed that climate-smart agriculture training, experience, and competence significantly influence service delivery. Qualitative results further revealed that resource access and institutional coordination were key drivers. The study concludes that while positive perceptions are important, extension service delivery on GHG mitigation is driven by extension staff’s experience, competence, access to CSA training and resources. Strengthening CSA training, enhancing resource facilitation and institutional collaboration are recommended to enhance the reach and effectiveness of extension services for GHG mitigation in Uganda’s livestock sector.