School of Built Environment (SBE) Collections

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    Accessing the Sewer Infrastructure Susceptible to damage due to Flooding in Kampala Area
    (Makerere University, 2023-06-22) Namuli, Pauline
    Sustained periods of heavy rain can be more problematic than a few puddles, flooding is becoming an issue in several areas of Uganda. The changes in climate are causing increased storm surges and, as a result, an increase in the number of yearly floods. The amount of stormwater is also increasing in many geographical areas. These floods are gradually becoming a threat to the sewer infrastructure including sewer pipes and manholes. Sewer overflows are on the increase same applies to broken and damaged manholes and sewer pipes. This project embarked on determining the flood susceptible areas of Kampala area and after which determine the sewer infrastructure within these flood zones that is prone to damage due to flooding. The infrastructure at risk was obtained by multiplying the Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability Factors. The Multi-criteria analysis method used six parameters of Slope, Flow Accumulation, Geology, Elevation, Rainfall, and Land use/Land Cover to determine the flood susceptible areas of the Kampala area. This was considered the Hazard factor The Sewer infrastructure was then obtained and a density map showing its location concentration geographically generated after normalization, this becomes the Exposure factor. The Vulnerability of the sewer network was obtained by considering the pipe size and pipe material. The project found out that the sewer infrastructure that is at risk of damage is in the areas of - Makerere Kavule - Lugogo by-pass - Kyambogo- along Kyambogo road - Kibuli- along Albert cook road - Kibuye- along kayemba road The project recommended frequent de-silting of the stormwater and open drainages to reduce the vulnerability of the sewer infrastructure. Improvement of the attribute data of the sewer infrastructure to include age and condition will eventually lead to a better analysis of the sewer vulnerability for future studies.
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    Adoption of labour-based approaches in construction of low-cost seal roads: experience from Ajena Road in Soroti City
    (Makerere University, 2024-07) Oranit, Samuel
    This study examines the implementation of low-cost sealed road infrastructure through labour-based techniques in Soroti City, focusing on Ajena Road. Soroti City adopted Low-Cost Seal (LCS) Technology to address gravel road maintenance costs and resource depletion issues. The research analyzes challenges, assesses social benefits, evaluates environmental impact, and measures project cost, time, and quality impacts using Excel, SPSS, Likert scale, and descriptive statistics. Key findings reveal challenges such as inadequate funds for utility relocation and incomplete drainage works due to underestimated quantities in Bills of Quantities. Despite interruptions from rain, the project concluded a month ahead without cost overruns, meeting specifications. Recommendations include including utility relocation costs in future Bills of Quantities, allocating ample resources for drainage works, engaging communities throughout project phases, planning projects for dry seasons, and organizing training for local communities on low-cost sealing techniques. These measures aim to improve project planning, sustainability, and community involvement in urban infrastructure development.
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    Alwi dry corridor water supply project in Nyarwodo, Nebbi District
    (Makerere University, 2018) Nabbuma, Mariam
    This report is about the ALWI DRY CORRIDOR WATER SUPPLY PROJECT, in NYARWODO which was an initiative by The Ministry of Water and Environment to supply water to the people of Nebbi and ensure sanitation in the area. Chapter one mainly talks about the project itself thus, the contractors, who were Vambeco Ent Ltd, the consultants, Alliance Consultants Limited, the contract commencement, finish date, and the overall cost of the project. Chapter two follows with the project works, thus, construction of water treatment plant and all the activities involved like, concrete works, pipe work and the procedures and methodologies adapted at each stage to ensure quality. Chapter three gives a brief description of the project management issues, thus, cost, time and quality and how each was achieved on this project. Lastly the lessons learnt, recommendations and the conclusions come in the fourth chapter. In a nut shell the project had an efficient project management team, proper information flow, and communication, compliance to the contractual obligations by all the parties and thus there were limited cost overruns, good quality works and a few delays, therefore, for any project to be successful, it should have a good project manager.
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    Analyses of spatio–temporal dynamics of wetland cover in Kampala
    ( 2021-05-05) Wanyama, Wilberforce
    Globally, wetland cover is declining due to the fragile nature of these ecosystems and unplanned land consumption practices. Kampala has undergone tremendous transformation in its landuse/landcover due to rapid urbanization. It has therefore become important for environmental planners to extract, detect, monitor and predict wetland cover changes. The objective of this research was to evaluate the spatio-temporal dynamics of wetlands in Kampala using GIS, RS techniques and Land change modeler between the years 1986 to 2016 so as to forward and encourage development interventions. To estimate the land cover change in Kampala, Landsat ETM ETM+ for 1986,1996,2006 and 2016 respectively were analyzed using ArcGIS10.0 and IDRISI Selva. After processing the imagery/land use/land cover, (LULC) images were classified, analyzed and used to predict the future wetland cover of 2040 using Land Change Modeller (LCM) of TerrSet software. The data for road network, and population data for Kampala, were used as ancillary data to run the modeller. The study adapted the Kappa index for assessing accuracy of the landuse/cover maps generated from the analysis to improve the accuracy of results. An accuracy level of 89.2% was achieved. The results reveal an overall significant increase in built-up area and other landuses at the expense of wetlands from 30.6% in 1986 to 6.1% in 2016. Wetlands lost 3,535 ha to built and woodlots 1,200 ha and a minor proportion to open water. Woodlots and built-up constituted more than half of the total area of Kampala with 4,523.3 ha (23.3%) and 12,117.1 ha (62.3%) respectively. The remaining portion of the area is covered by open water with 1,621.7 ha (8.3%). The study projects a further decline of wetland cover by 428 ha (or by 2.2%), built up covering 15,643.7 ha ( 80.4%) and woodlots with 1,759 ha (9.0%) in 2040 if steps are not instituted to control the rate of decline. These results provide new insights for predicting future changes of wetland vegetation influenced by the on-going threats from climate change and human activities, and form a foundation for sustainable wetland management in Kampala. The study further recommends more research on wetland valuation (including indirect and non-use values) in Kampala should be conducted. This may assist in assessing trade-offs between maintenance of intact wetland against its conversion into other uses.
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    Analysis of delayed payments to contractors in public construction projects: a case study of the construction of the Sembabule Community Justice Centre
    (Makerere University, 2024-05) Odong, Brian Francis
    In Uganda, delayed payments to contractors in public construction projects have been a common issue that affects the smooth execution and timely completion of such projects. This study analyzes these delayed payments to identify the factors contributing to the delayed payments and their effect on contractors in public construction projects using the construction of the Sembabule Community Justice Centre in Uganda as a case study. Through analyzing literature and project documents, the research identifies clients’ budget constraints, approval delays, delay in the valuation of work done, inaccuracies in contractors' claims, changes in policy of handling variations, and unforeseen circumstances like the COVID-19 pandemic as causes of delayed payments. These factors negatively affect the project timeline, and budget. The analysis also identifies the negative effects of delayed payments which include financial difficulties to the contractor, project delays, strained relationships with suppliers and workers, slow down and suspension of works, and loss of new opportunities. This research proposes remedies such as including contract provisions that allow contractors to receive extensions without penalty if payments are delayed, including contract provisions that specify the timeframe within which a project manager should approve the contractors’ submitted valuation of works done, contract flexibility to adapt to unforeseen circumstances with provisions for renegotiation of terms, and contractors providing all necessary accurate documentation for their claims. The findings of this research emphasize the importance of addressing delayed payments for effective public construction project management.
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    Analysis of Phenological and Growing season dynamics in Savannah ecosystem of Karamoja sub-region, Uganda.
    ( 2019-11-20) Magaya, John Paul
    Vegetation phenology is an important control on the global fluxes of energy, water, and carbon from terrestrial ecosystems and is a useful indicator of ecosystem response to climate variability and change. However, few studies have focused on the phenology dynamics of different savannah vegetation types and associated fluxes as indicators for length of growing season. This study i) identified savannah phenological characteristics, ii) determined the effect of rainfall on savanna phenology and, iii) determined the length of growing season in Karamoja sub-region. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer’s Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (MODIS NDVI) imagery (MOD13Q1) was used. Rainfall data obtained from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) with a daily temporal resolution and gridded resolution of 0.2 x 0.2 degrees was used. Phenological attributes from four major savannah vegetation types (bushland, grassland, thickets and woodland) with eight savannah phenological characteristics (Time of onset of greenness ,Time of end of greenness, Duration of greenness ,Time of maximum NDVI, Value of onset of greenness, Value of end of greenness, Value of maximum NDVI, Range of NDVI which were categorized as Temporal NDVI metrics and NDVIvalue metrics) and rainfall effect on phenological dynamics and length of growing season were analyzed in R and TIMESAT analytical software. Phenological characteristics results revealed that thickets had the earliest onset of greenness (85th day) and earliest end of greenness time (244th day) with maximum greenness, onset NDVI value, and end NDVI value of 0.68, 0.42 and 0.57 respectively. In addition, woodland revealed the highest Max NDVI value, Onset NDVI value, End of greenness NDVI value and least Range of NDVI value of 0.73, 0.56, 0.67 and 0.18 respectively. Rainfall as a driver of phenological change had a positive and significant effect over the 18 year period of analysis on bushland, grassland, thickets and woodland with correlation coefficient of 0.704, 0.722, 0.701, and 0.65 respectively. On average, the start, end and length of growing season were found to occur in pentad 23 (April 19th - 20th), pentad 47 (August 22rd - 23rd) and 123 days respectively. These results reveal that green up of savannah vegetation has positive relationship with rainfall but the start and end of green up is less influenced by the start and end of the rains. Therefore, it is recommended that there is need to couple other drivers such as fires with rainfall for a comprehensive monitoring of savannah vegetation phenological dynamics in Karamoja sub-region.
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    Analysis of spatial-temporal patterns of African swine fever in Uganda
    ( 2022-03-17) Rubongoya, Edward
    African Swine Fever (ASF) is a viral disease of both domestic pigs and wild boars, with no cure or vaccine, causing economic devastations to farmers. Previous studies in Uganda have not fully addressed the spatial dimension in the epidemiology of the disease. Attempts using traditional methods do provide some spatial insights at district or regional level. However, they are limited in provision of precise spatial patterns and relationships where the disease manifests, hence limiting the full understanding of the spatial diffusion of the disease. To this effect, spatial analysis was conducted using Average Nearest Neighbour (ANN), Moran’s I and Hot spot analysis to characterize the spatial distribution of ASF in Uganda from 2013-2019. A retrospective space-time permutation scan statistic was then used to assess the spatiotemporal clustering of ASF. The socio-environmental and demographic factors such as land use land cover, human population density, density of roads, rivers and water bodies were incorporated to assess the likely causes of clustering. ANN index of 0.45 was less than 1 thus revealing a clustering pattern in the distribution of ASF cases. Moran’s index of 0.52 was greater than 0 thus revealing a positive spatial relationship where-by, ASF cases of similar values were closer to one another than ASF cases with dissimilar values. Hot spot analysis revealed maximum spatial clustering distance of 11.4km (p<0.01). Spatial clustering of high infection rates (hot spots) was mostly observed in Tororo, Busia and Manafwa districts, and spatial clustering of low infection rates (cold spots) was mostly observed in Kole, Omoro and Otuke districts. Space-time clusters highlighting the center of infection, period and size of ASF outbreaks were observed across the study area. The most likely space-time cluster was observed in Alebtong district represented by a log likelihood ratio with the highest value of 1745 (p<0.001) among others. Temporal clustering was observed throughout the whole year; with most outbreak trends increasing from January to April and October to November. A combination of socio-environmental and demographic factors was associated with clustering pattern of ASF observed in various areas. The study concludes that the spatial processes describing clustering of ASF (e.g., animal movements and trade related activities) with high infection rates occur within a maximum distance of 11.4km. January to April and October to November are high prevalent periods. Spatial analysis offers a more informative approach to define the difference or relationship between cases in close proximity and those far-away from each other –which is useful in decision making for better management of epidemics. It is therefore recommended that targeted intervention be adopted; in high prevalent periods like January to April and October to November. Secondly, a buffer zone of not more than 11.4km be established in hot spot areas –during surveillance and imposing quarantines as opposed to quarantining the whole district.
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    Analysis of successive rainfall water on urban flooding in Kigali-Rwanda for designing a spatially based flood management model using geospatial techniques
    (Makerere University, 2023-01) Zagabe, Thierry
    Floods are the most catastrophic and dangerous disasters that usually inhibit the development of countries at a sustainable rate, and these include a strong rainfall that affects urban areas where Rainfall directed from high elevations to lowlands results in strong floods that destroy lives and property in urban areas of Kigali city. Kigali has an altitude of 1400-2000 m, resulting in a steep slope, and the urban area has grown, with more floods destroying infrastructure and damaging businesses. Geospatial techniques were used to come up with maps for flood management. Despite the fact that there is a persistent problem of flooding in Kigali that has resulted in the destruction of infrastructure, damaged crops, and restricted movement, there’s no existing formal flood management system to mitigate these recurring problems. The study aimed at analyzing the successive urban flooding of Kigali City resulting from heavy rainfall that causes strong storm water to be directed into urban areas and, hence, determining the location of the drainage in Kigali that can mitigate flood risks through analysis using geospatial techniques. The first method used was to make statistics that show how rainfall in Kigali has been increasing from 2000 to 2018. The results show that from 2017 to 2018, a strong rainfall in urban areas brought more floods. The second method, DEM, is used to generate slope, flows of water and watershed, and the change in elevation (contours), where the comparison between wetland places and cadastral survey data from 2018 results in showing a number of parcels in risk areas where 165,223,152 km2 is a wetland with 56,244 residential plots in a risk area. Thirdly, the overlay between the slope, rainfall, wetland, and topographic maps of Kigali shows 5 areas where flood risk is high and where flood management should focus in order to slow down floods by using drainages that can follow a vertical interval of 100 meters. As the altitude of Kigali is between 1400-2000 m, a vertical interval of 100 m in elevation is quite significant, implying that five areas for drainage must be built while causing no disruption to existing infrastructure. Because rainfall in Kigali ranged between 462 and 1193 mm from 2000 to 2018, the city should be able to save a lot of water by utilizing drainages that can direct floods into artificial lakes that can be used for various activities such as fishing culture or to distribute water for water conservation. This study found that 22% of the settlement areas were affected by floods on the cadastral data in Kigali, which caused plot values to decrease and slowed down agriculture projects. This study recommended that they change the design of household reservoirs for rainwater as a flood control measure by creating drainage at 100-meter vertical intervals in the five areas identified in our research. This would help reduce the amount of storm water flow directed into urban areas
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    Analysis of the contribution made by the clinker cement manufacturing process to greenhouse gas emissions in Uganda.
    (Makerere University, 2023-07-24) Asiimwe, Lindah
    The cement industry is a major contributor to global warming and climate change. Cement raw materials produce emissions. The manufacturing operations are also extremely energy intensive, requiring a lot of fuel and ultimately resulting in emissions. The cement industry produces tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO) total organic carbon (TOC), and nitric Oxide (NO) each year. This research provides an analysis of cement operations and emissions produced in a developing country like Uganda where intense construction activities are being undertaken. This research aimed to determine the major indirect and direct greenhouse gas emissions produced during the clinker production stage of cement production in Uganda. The second aim of the research was to analyze the factors that largely influence the GHG emissions while the third aim of this research was to determine the optimum level for producing less greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions were identified at the clinker production stage by taking daily recordings using data sheets. For the indirect emissions, electricity data in kWh consumed by running factory machinery per day was recorded. This was multiplied by an emission factor for grid electricity in Africa to get the carbon dioxide produced per day. The direct emissions were recorded daily on data sheets for a period of 8 weeks. These readings were recorded from the continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS) machine. CO2 was produced indirectly by the electricity consumed to run the machines with a minimum of 29 kg/t and a maximum of 274 kg/t. The direct GHG emissions produced during the clinker stage include CO and NOX producing 1053mg/Nm3, and 576mg/Nm3 respectively as the highest emissions to answer objective one. Furthermore, with a 95% confidence level, raw materials (kiln feed) used significantly affects TOC, CO2, and CO. Biomass significantly affects TOC, CO2, and CO. Heavy fuel oil significantly affects TOC, CO2, and SO2, Coal significantly affects TOC, CO2, SO2, and CO. The number of kiln operating hours and the level of clinker production significantly affect CO2 an indirect emission. The results also pointed to the production of more clinker leads to less GHG emissions emitted direct and indirect emissions except for total organic carbon which increases greatly as the clinker being produced increases.
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    Analysis of the reliability of time schedule forecasts adopted at road project tendering in Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2024) Odoch, Simon Peter
    This study takes a close look at the accuracy of time schedule forecasts used in road construction projects across Uganda, focusing on seven key projects. It explores the common discrepancies between the estimated timelines at the tender stage and the actual time it takes to complete the projects. In Uganda’s infrastructure sector, precise scheduling is critical to managing resources effectively and keeping costs under control. However, time overruns, increased expenses, and delays in delivering planned projects are frequent challenges. These issues point to a deeper problem in how projects are planned and scheduled during tendering. The study uses a mixed-methods approach, blending quantitative analysis of scheduling deviations with qualitative insights from project documentation including tender schedules, progress reports, and completion certificates. The quantitative analysis shows that some projects took two to four times longer to complete than originally forecasted. Qualitative insights helped to identify the root causes of these delays. Key internal factors affecting project timelines included contractor capacity, resource limitations, and restricted access to credit. External factors also played a role, such as delays in relocating utilities, challenges with land acquisition, unexpected ground conditions, and delayed utility relocations. Together, these issues created significant hurdles in meeting the projected timelines. For each of the seven case study projects, the original Time Schedule Forecasts at the tender stage were reviewed. All the projects had used Microsoft Project for scheduling, along with the Critical Path Method (CPM). The analysis revealed that while the forecasts were accurate and reliable for the construction phase, they had however, underestimated the time needed for preconstruction activities. On this basis, the study proceeded to estimate reliable durations for preconstruction activities based on the project documents for the seven case study projects. Based on data from the seven case study projects; the study proceeded to determine the major causes of delay that Project Managers and various Stakeholders need to plan against; to ensure timely project execution. The research aims to enhance our understanding of infrastructure development in Uganda, offering insights for policymakers, contractors, and project managers. By addressing some of the root issues in scheduling practices, the study advocates for improved efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and satisfaction among all stakeholders involved in Uganda’s road construction projects, helping the country meet its infrastructure goals for the future.
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    Analyzing contributing factors to construction claims on water projects in Uganda using multivariate regression modelling
    (Makerere University, 2023-09-19) Ddumba, Derrick Arthur
    Globally organizations continue to grapple with construction claims, which have contributed to the cost escalation on projects estimated at 28%. Construction claims on water projects in Uganda account for an average of 14.56% of the initial contract sum where in extreme cases the cost overrun due to these claims can exceed 40% of the contract amount. This phenomenon has affected the implementation of the core projects of the National Development Plan (NDPIII) in terms of their financial performance where large sums of money have been re-directed to settlement of claims. In earlier studies, 78% of engineering construction companies believed that project risks were increasing. This created a need to model and understand the behavior of claims. There is need to analyze the underlying factors leading to the construction claims, identify the contributing factors and thereafter develop a model to predict their impact on the overall claim amount. A total of eight claim areas were identified as based on FIDIC red book which was consistent with most of the construction contracts executed on water projects in Uganda and from literature. A questionnaire survey was conducted involving professionals from National Water and Sewerage Corporation, contracting firms and consultancy firms where feedback from 88 respondents on frequency and impact of the contributing factors was rated using a five-point Likert scale. Complete data were gathered on 16 completed water projects in Uganda and the contributing factors ranked basing on importance index (II). The five highest ranked contributing factors were identified and a regression model for predicting the claim amount was developed using MS excel. The five factors ranked basing on their significance on the claim amount in the model were; variations, right of access to site, unforeseen physical conditions, extension of time for completion and delays by authorities. The data revealed that the five major contributing factors to claims accounted for 13.99% cost overrun due to claims and 96.08% of the entire claim amounts raised. Variations had the biggest impact on claim amount with 32.97% on average whereas delays by authorities had the least impact with 7.55% on average. The predictive model for construction claims on water projects was developed with a coefficient of determination (R-square) of 0.996 where 99.6% of the claim amount could be predicted by the model. It was concluded that lack of clarity on contract clauses and poorly designed scope as well as scope alterations led to variations which was the leading contributing factor to claims. Clear contract clauses on claims and prevention of scope creep will limit the development of claims.
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    Analyzing the potential of Cycling in the CBD of Kampala City.
    (Makerere University, 2023-03) Euphrasius, Omeja Fuorr
    The aim of this study was to analyse the potential of cycling in the Central Business District (CBD) of Kampala City. This research identified the factors affecting cycling, examined the city dweller’s perceptions on cycling, and evaluated cycling possibilities, making recommendations of approaches and designs to promote cycling in Kampala CBD. There is limited research on cycling, and hence little is known about cycling and its potential to ease movement. The research used both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. The tools for data collection included; observation, questionnaires, interview schedule, photography, mapping, sketching and secondary data from libraries and the internet. The tools for data analysis were descriptive statistics presented in the form of tables, percentages, graphs and charts, content analysis of the questions administered with reference to the research objectives. The research used softwares of Epidata and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to carry out data analytical processing. The analysis of all the raw data collected yielded the realities about cycling in Kampala CBD. The study found that the lack of cycling infrastructure, the busy state of roads and poor road safety in Kampala Central Business District (CBD) are the major factors affecting cycling; the use of the bicycle. The Perception of city dwellers on cycling is low because they stated that, they have poor physical health, other modes of transport are faster and more comfortable, and the use of the bicycle is not safe. Furthermore, some said, they lack the finance to even buy bicycles and that, the society has a negative cultural attitude that women are not supposed to cycle. The use of the bicycle in the CBD of Kampala is possible because the study found out that, there is a presence of bicycle services such as bicycle retail and repair shops. In addition, the city dwellers stated that, if safe cycling infrastructure is provided, new taxation on transportation is introduced, and funds allocated to the transport sector are redistributed to support cycling, the use of the bicycle for mobility would be very possible. To encourage cycling; the use of the bicycle, this research recommended the construction and installation of a robust cycling infrastructure, introduction of cycling education, and establishing an inclusive cycling funding system. The Promotion of cycling in Kampala City CBD will reap the benefits of health, transportation, economics, quality of life and environment. There must be a logical integration of cycling in the transportation sector to enhance sustainable movement in the CBD.
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    The application of environmental sustainability principles in housing construction projects: a case study of Solana Lubowa housing project
    ( 2022-03-04) Sekajja, Gitta Allan
    This report provides the application of environmental sustainability principles in housing construction projects using the case study of Solana Lubowa housing project. It presents the implementation of the principles of environmental sustainability in the design and construction of the 306 residential units in Phase 1 of the project. Furthermore, presents a subjective summary of the application of environmental sustainability principles on the project. The introduction of the project covers the project background, problem statement, objectives, scope, project site location and finally the author’s involvement. More so, the report covers the Literature studies that been undertaken covering definitions and concepts of sustainable development in general and environmental sustainability in construction works. Further on, an overview of useful indicators of environmental sustainability for housing construction, and its advantages. In addition, the contract administration details such as the project works scope and the contract particulars of the four contractors and the supervising consultant are presented together with more highlights on the design review that was carried out and finally the current contract performance of the contractors and consultant. Furthermore, the report explores the application of the various environmental sustainability principles at Solana Lubowa Housing Project and provides a subjective summary of the extent of their implementation on the project focusing on the phase 1 which is currently under construction. Finally, the report presents the challenges observed and concludes that the principles of environmental sustainability were efficiently applied in Solana Lubowa Housing Project. The report further highlights that the conclusion made on the extent of application of the principles was based on literature, guidelines applied worldwide and the author’s professional and subjective judgment. Lastly, it points to some recommendations on how to improve the application of environmental sustainability principles in construction.
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    Application of GIS in crime prediction: a case study of burglary within Nakawa Division, Kampala District
    (Makerere University, 2022-02-02) Opio, Felix
    Crime is a common social problem that affects the quality of life and the economic growth of a society. Whether causing physical harm, psychological trauma or economic setbacks, crime affects everyone. In most developing countries, crime management strategies are largely based on the rate at which crimes are reported at a police station. Little effort has been put in crime intelligence and prediction to detect and prevent crimes before they occur. As a result, crime responses put a huge financial burden on taxpayers and governments. This study therefore aimed at exploring the application of GIS and crime theories as an alternative measure to effectively predict crime for better crime management. In this study, burglary and the Social Disorganization theory were selected as the crime and theory respectively. The study was limited to Nakawa Division in Kampala District. Crime data for the year 2019 was obtained from Jinja road police station. Datasets identified from literature review included; number of facilities, percentage of working status, percentage of indecent dwelling, police stations and population density. The data was tested for spatial patterns and bi-variate dependencies using Moran’s I and scatter plots. The burglary data was found to be clustered while no significant spatial dependencies were observed between the datasets, meaning the datasets were appropriate for further analysis. The other dataset also showed no correlation among themselves. The data sets were then run in an iterative Ordinary Least squares Regression procedure to identify the key variables that can explain burglary incidences in the division. Basing on the derived coefficients of the variables, police stations and population density were eliminated from the final regression using Geographically Weighted Regression. GWR results generated an approximately 60% R2 value, meaning that the model can predict burglary incidences at 60% confidence level. The results therefore concluded that integration of GIS and crime theories can provide an alternative measure for crime prediction. The performance of model was however affected by generalized census data and the spatial unit(parishes). Further to this, Bukoto I, Bukoto II and Kyanja had little or no data. The study finally recommended that more independent variables, a smaller spatial unit and a wider time span for the burglary data be adopted for better burglary predictions.
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    Application of high resolution satellite imargery for updating topographic maps of Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2019-05-05) Adengi, Margaret
    Uganda like most of the countries in Africa have completed their initial topographic base series mapping using aerial survey. Those areas which have not yet been mapped are either the most remote and inaccessible mountainous or arid areas with little population or economic activities of the countries (Petrie & Liwa ,1995). The main concern now is to keep these maps up to date.
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    Application of risk management to improve performance: The case of infrastructure projects in Mbale District
    (Makerere University, 2014) Wabuna, Richard Kaamu
    The construction industry is one of the crucial sectors in the development process of all communities in the World. In Uganda, the central government and other development partners, through the district local governments, have continuously provided funding towards the development of various civil infrastructure projects in the districts. However, due to the occurrence of several project risk events, the majority of the civil infrastructure projects undertaken by the districts have continuously exhibited poor performance, in terms of; delays, cost overruns, incomplete products, inadequate operational capacity, non compliance to the specifications, to mention but a few. The absence of a systematic approach towards the management of civil infrastructure project risks in Uganda, particularly at the district level, has escalated this problem. Furthermore, there was no evidence of any research studies having been carried out focusing on risk management in civil infrastructure projects in Uganda, especially at the district local government level. This report sets out the details of a study into the application of risk management in the civil infrastructure projects under taken by the district local governments in Uganda. The study was limited to the greater Mbale districts as the case study area. The objectives of the study were to; assess the performance of the district civil infrastructure projects, identify and analyse the risks involved in such projects and propose mitigation measures aimed at increasing the understanding of the project risks as well as the ability to optimise investments in such projects by all those involved. This study was based on the review of the available literature/documents, an initial field study involving interviews/discussions with a few selected key technical personnel and then later, the administration of a combined project performance/risk assessment xii questionnaire to a stratified and purposively selected sample of respondents. Both qualitative and quantitative risk analysis techniques were utilised to analyse the information collected and inferences made. The results of the study confirmed that the performance of the district civil infrastructure projects in the case study area was inadequate – not good. The study findings also revealed that the significance of the risks involved in district civil infrastructure projects were at the level requiring urgent action in terms of putting in place and implementing a systematic approach that led to the proposal of a Risk Management Strategy (RMS). The study recommends urgent implementation of the proposed RMS, aimed at fostering performance improvements in the district civil infrastructure projects in the case study area and the rest of Uganda in general. The results of this study was expected to be of great benefit to the district local governments, contactors and consulting agencies as well as the engineers/managers who are currently involved in such projects and in the future, in Mbale in particular and Uganda in general
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    Application of the project management principles on a design and build projects; case study proposed design and construction of an aviation maintenance base at Jinja – Kimaka.
    ( 2022-02-22) Kawuki, Julius
    This project report offers a brief review of the Application of Project Management Principals applied to a design and build project. This is done as partial fulfillment of the award of a Master of Science Degree in Construction Management from Makerere University. The case study was a Design and Construction of An Aviation Maintenance Base at Jinja-Kimaka was performed under a UGX 27,705,833,896 contract. Construction methodologies and project management basics that were used and witnessed by the author while he was part of the contractor’s team are explained at length. Project Management principles discussed in-depth include cost, quality control, and Project Time control. Overall, the execution and management of the project were a success. Gantt charts were used to manage and control time as concentration was always given to critical activities. Quality was achieved by following standards, specifications and work methods and close supervision. Costs were also managed through timely resourcing of the activities using the rates provided for the activities. The author ensured proper involvement of all stakeholders in the project and smooth flow of information during the period of project execution. Inexperience in handling Build and design contracts and unnecessary political pressure are some of the challenges experienced on the project. The report concludes with the steps that have to be performed for a project to be completed successfully. Recommendations are made that have to be addressed for project management to be improved in Uganda
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    Assesing the Impact of Urban Sprawl on Wetland Ecosystems
    (Makerere University, 2024-12-17) Kasole, Jimmy
    Urban sprawl, a phenomenon driven by rapid urbanization, poses significant threats to worldwide wetland ecosystems. One of the problems that land managers face currently is the lack of knowledge on how the wetland ecosystems and their services have been affected by the uncontrolled urban sprawl, particularly in Makindye Kampala. This study aimed to assess the multifaceted impacts of urban sprawl on wetland ecosystems through a comprehensive analysis. Remote sensing data specifically Landsat images from 2004, 2014 and 2024 coupled with interviews and field observation were used in this study. The images were analysed through the Urban Expansion Intensity Index, Shannon’s entropy analysis, ecosystem service market-based analysis, change detection, hot spot analysis and correlation analysis. It is revealed that between 2004 and 2014 there was a moderate urban expansion rate with an intensity of 0. 96. However between 2014 and 2024, the rate of urban expansion was very high with an intensity of 1.12. This urban expansion had high rates of dispersion with an entropy rate of 0.99. Furthermore, findings reveal an extensive conversion of wetlands into urban land uses with a percentage decrease from 23.56 to 10.32 per cent between 2004 and 2024.This has resulted in habitat loss, alteration of hydrological regimes, and degradation of water quality. Quantification of the loss of ecosystem services provided by wetlands, such as flood mitigation, water purification, and biodiversity conservation revealed a loss of -18.95 per cent between 2014 and 2014. Correlation analysis revealed a strong negative relationship between urban sprawl and wetland ecosystems. Findings underscore a need for a multifaceted land management approach through development control, and strategic planning, advocating for compact and mixed-use developments while demarcating zones of urban development for efficient planning and management to curb uncontrolled outward development of the urban area boundaries
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    Assessement of compulsory land acquisition grievance management mechanisms in Uganda : a case of Kampala-Jinja expressway road project
    (Makerere University, 2024) Namuko, Efridah
    This study assessed the developed GRM in compulsory land acquisition on the Kampala Jinja Expressway project to find out how the grievance handling processes are conducted and how they can be improved. The findings focus specifically on the study objectives which included examining the causes of compulsory land acquisition grievances, the grievance management mechanism processes and structures used in compulsory land acquisition on the Kampala Jinja Expressway Road project, the challenges affecting grievance management mechanisms used on the project and the strategies that can be put in place of improve grievance management processes. Both quantitative and qualitative research approaches were utilized where quantitative approach was used to collect numerical data from PAPs who have submitted grievances while qualitative was used to collect non-numerical data from project RAP team and other stakeholders. Employing a mixed-method approach enables triangulation, ensuring that the strengths of each approach complement and compensate for the limitations of the other. The study concluded that the prevalence of grievances revolves around valuation discrepancies where PAPs feel that their properties were undervalued, social conflicts in the families and communities where the projects are implemented, and survey-related issues such errors and omissions and lastly delayed payment of compensation money emerging as the most significant cause of dissatisfaction among PAPs which escalates the grievances. The study also concluded that majority of the affected community members were unaware of the existence of grievance management mechanisms, resulting in significant delays in handling and resolving grievances. Despite efforts to address these challenges, the findings indicate a prevailing sense of ineffectiveness of the mechanism, with a substantial proportion of PAPs expressing dissatisfaction with the mechanisms in place. The reasons for ineffectiveness include, lack of information, lack of expertise by the grievance handling teams and lack of communication channels during the grievance handling processes.
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    Assessing Groundwater Potential in Semi-Arid Areas of Uganda: Case study of Agago District.
    (Makerere University, 2024-12-09) Kakala, John
    Increasing demand for groundwater resources necessitates effective mapping and categorization of groundwater potential zones to ensure long-term water security, especially in semi-arid regions like Agago District, Uganda. Groundwater serves as the primary water source in the district, yet access is often unreliable due to seasonal variability and limited surface water options. Conventional groundwater exploration methods are costly and provide localized data, creating a need for more efficient and comprehensive approaches that support multiple factor assessment. This study seeks to evaluate groundwater potential in the semi-arid regions of Agago District, Uganda, by determining key factors that impact groundwater availability and modeling groundwater potential zones, aiming to categorize these zones effectively. This study utilized the Delphi technique to attain expert consensus on eight pivotal factors affecting groundwater potential: Rainfall, Geology, Slope, Soil, Land Cover, Drainage Density, Lineament Density, and Distance from Rivers. Esteemed for its efficacy in interdisciplinary domains, the Delphi method transcends conventional groundwater exploration techniques by promoting expert collaboration through its principles of anonymity, iterative rounds, controlled feedback, and statistical response aggregation. Thematic maps were tested for multicollinearity using the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF), indicating factor independence. Factor weights were determined through the AHP, producing a consistency ratio below 0.1, confirming reliability. A weighted overlay analysis was then conducted to map groundwater potential zones. It was found that they could be categorized as poor (2%), low (13%), moderate (51%), high (30%), and very high (4%). Validation with borehole data by comparison with categorized zones indicated a 73% accuracy rate and a ROC analysis yielded an AUC score of 0.724, demonstrating reliable model performance. The highest groundwater potential was identified in the southern district near the Agago River, where alluvial and lacustrine deposits suggest favorable conditions for productive aquifers. Sensitivity analysis highlighted geology, soil, and rainfall as the primary factors influencing model accuracy. This study suggests that areas with high and very high groundwater potential, especially in the southern region, should be prioritized for exploration. Planning authorities should employ groundwater potential maps to inform infrastructure siting, thereby safeguarding infiltration paths. Consistent groundwater mapping is recommended to mitigate climate effects and promote sustainable resource management.